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Hawaiian Language
The Hawaiian language is an Austronesian language that takes its name from Hawai?i, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language of the State of Hawaii, one of the United States. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitutions in 1839 and 1840.
For various reasons, the number of native speakers of Hawaiian gradually dropped during the period from the 1830s to the 1950s. Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of the seven inhabited islands. As of 2000, native speakers of Hawaiian amount to under 0.1% of the statewide population. Nevertheless, the language is not endangered because it can continue indefinitely on Ni?ihau (the smallest inhabited island, privately owned for over 100 years, is the residence of about 160 native speakers).
From about 1949 to the present, there has been a gradual increase in attention to, and promotion of, the language. Public Hawaiian-language immersion pre-schools called Punana Leo were started in 1984; other immersion schools followed soon after.
A type of "local English" spoken in Hawaii is technically called "Hawaiian Creole English", abbreviated "HCE". It developed from pidgin English and is often called simply "pidgin" (or Hawaiian Pidgin). It should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language.
The ISO language code for Hawaiian is haw.
It is believed that the first settlers of Hawaii arrived from Hiva in the southern Marquesas Islands around 400 A.D. These settlers brought with them their gods, their plants, their culture and their language.
The `Olelo Hawai`i, (the Hawaiian language) belongs to a family of languages from central and eastern Polynesia, which includes Hawaiian, Tahitian, Tumotuan, Rarotongan and Maori.The arrival of Captain James Cook in 1778 marked not only the beginning of major changes for the people of Hawaii, but also changes in their language. Following Cook, other Westerners arrived, including missionaries from New England around 1820.
The missionaries were determined to educate the Hawaiians, including teaching them to read and write. In order to do this, they needed to give the Hawaiian language a written form.
The missionaries, who were untrained in linguistics, were unable to distinguish between many of the sounds in the Hawaiian language.
They could not distinguish between t and k, l and r, or b and p. When they were finished, the alphabet for the Hawaiian language consisted of just 12 letters found in the English alphabet and the `okina, (a symbol that looks much like a backwards apostrophe). The new alphabet consisted of the vowels a, e, i, o and u, and the consonants h, k, l, m, n, p and w.
When Hawaiian names and words were given written form, many appeared quite different from their original spoken form. For example Honoruru became Honolulu. Ranai became Lana`i, Mauna Roa became Mauna Loa and taboo became kapu. The language was changed forever.
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